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The Keithley 2450 is a high-performance digital source meter (SMU) that represents Keithley's new generation of measurement technology. The main functional features of this device include high-precision voltage and current sources capable of providing current outputs from fA level to A level and voltage outputs from mV level to V level, which are suitable for a wide range of precision measurements and experimental studies, such as semiconductor device testing.6 The 2450 employs advanced digital technology and capacitive touch-screen technology, which provides an intuitive graphical user interface (GUI) that makes operation more convenient and fast.

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The Keysight 86100D is a high-performance, wide-bandwidth oscilloscope designed for precise and accurate measurements of high-speed digital designs for applications ranging from 50 Mb/s to more than 80 Gb/s. The device delivers excellent performance with high analogue bandwidth, low jitter and low noise to accurately characterise both optical and electrical designs.The 86100D DCA-X is the main model of the modular platform that allows users to perform precision optical, electrical, and TDR/TDT measurements by selecting different insertion modules.

The main differences between the MS9740B and the MS9740A are the reduction in measurement processing time and the application of high-speed signal processing technology.The MS9740B reduces measurement processing time by half while maintaining the original functions and performance. This has been achieved by increasing productivity and reducing measurement and inspection time, thereby increasing the productivity of optical active equipment manufacturers.

To use the MS9740B for DUT (Device Under Test) insertion loss assessment, it is first necessary to understand the basic functions and configuration of the MS9740B, a high-precision spectral analyser that supports a wide range of fibre types, including SM fibre (ITU-T G.652) and GI fibre (50μm/125μm), as well as GI fibre (62.5μm/ 125 μm) and has high return loss performance.

The AQ6377 is a spectrum analyser manufactured by Yokogawa Electric Corporation for environmental sensing and medical applications. It offers extended wavelength coverage from 1900 to 5500 nm and belongs to the mid-infrared (MWIR) region. The device employs dispersive spectroscopy technology to measure the optical spectrum of laser light in the range of 1.9 to 5.5 microns.

Optical communication is a technology that uses light waves as an information carrier to transmit information through a transmission medium such as an optical fibre. It works by converting the transmitted information (e.g. voice) into an electrical signal at the transmitting end and then modulating it onto the laser beam emitted by the laser, so that the intensity of the light varies according to the amplitude (frequency) of the electrical signal and is sent out through the optical fibre; at the receiving end, the detector receives the optical signal and converts it into an electrical signal, which is demodulated to restore the original information.

The main difference between the 86100D and the N1092A lies in their areas of application and functionality.The 86100D is a wide bandwidth oscilloscope mainframe, primarily used for precise measurements of high-speed digital designs from 50 Mb/s to over 80 Gb/s.The N1092A/B/C/D/E series are multi-channel optical/electrical sampling oscilloscopes, controlled from a PC via USB. These devices provide different numbers of optical and electrical channel inputs on the front panel and are suitable for tasks such as optical waveform analysis.

Specific improvements in data logging capabilities between the AQ6370D and the AQ6370C include data logging, gated sampling, resolution calibration, advanced marking capabilities, and an enhanced auto-scan mode. These improvements make the AQ6370D even more powerful in logging analysis results, such as in application scenarios such as WDM (wavelength division multiplexing), which provides more efficient and accurate data processing capability