The Keithley 2450 is a high-performance digital source meter (SMU) that represents Keithley's new generation of measurement technology. The main functional features of this device include high-precision voltage and current sources capable of providing current outputs from fA level to A level and voltage outputs from mV level to V level, which are suitable for a wide range of precision measurements and experimental studies, such as semiconductor device testing.6 The 2450 employs advanced digital technology and capacitive touch-screen technology, which provides an intuitive graphical user interface (GUI) that makes operation more convenient and fast.

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The Keysight 86100D is a high-performance, wide-bandwidth oscilloscope designed for precise and accurate measurements of high-speed digital designs for applications ranging from 50 Mb/s to more than 80 Gb/s. The device delivers excellent performance with high analogue bandwidth, low jitter and low noise to accurately characterise both optical and electrical designs.The 86100D DCA-X is the main model of the modular platform that allows users to perform precision optical, electrical, and TDR/TDT measurements by selecting different insertion modules.

The main differences between the MS9740B and the MS9740A are the reduction in measurement processing time and the application of high-speed signal processing technology.The MS9740B reduces measurement processing time by half while maintaining the original functions and performance. This has been achieved by increasing productivity and reducing measurement and inspection time, thereby increasing the productivity of optical active equipment manufacturers.

To use the MS9740B for DUT (Device Under Test) insertion loss assessment, it is first necessary to understand the basic functions and configuration of the MS9740B, a high-precision spectral analyser that supports a wide range of fibre types, including SM fibre (ITU-T G.652) and GI fibre (50μm/125μm), as well as GI fibre (62.5μm/ 125 μm) and has high return loss performance.

The AQ6377 is a spectrum analyser manufactured by Yokogawa Electric Corporation for environmental sensing and medical applications. It offers extended wavelength coverage from 1900 to 5500 nm and belongs to the mid-infrared (MWIR) region. The device employs dispersive spectroscopy technology to measure the optical spectrum of laser light in the range of 1.9 to 5.5 microns.

Optical communication is a technology that uses light waves as an information carrier to transmit information through a transmission medium such as an optical fibre. It works by converting the transmitted information (e.g. voice) into an electrical signal at the transmitting end and then modulating it onto the laser beam emitted by the laser, so that the intensity of the light varies according to the amplitude (frequency) of the electrical signal and is sent out through the optical fibre; at the receiving end, the detector receives the optical signal and converts it into an electrical signal, which is demodulated to restore the original information.